The controversy over the iconography arose because it resembled pagan depictions of multi-headed deities like Hecate, leading the Catholic Church to reject it as “unnatural.” Concerns also arose that the image could cause confusion or heresy, as some might interpret it as Modalism (God as one person in different modes) or Tritheism (God as three separate Gods). Which would contradict the Church’s teaching that one God exists as three co-equal, co-eternal persons sharing a single divine essence.
Although banned in Europe, the image became popular in the Spanish Americas during the 18th century, especially within the Cusco School in present-day Peru, where Church authorities saw the three-faced depiction as an effective tool for teaching the Trinity.
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